At other moments in time, the oil industry celebrates the spaces it helps discover, the lifestyles it facilitates, or the new cheaper building materials it provides. 20.Carola Hein, “Gifting Oil: The Global Architectural Philanthropy of John D. Rockefeller Father and Son,” Presentation at the conference of the Society of Architectural Historians (SAH) in Pasadena, 2016, https://sah.conference-services.net/programme.asp?conferenceID=4574&action=prog_categories and https://guidebook.com/guide/38966/event/12528359/. 1 (1939): 30-31. Donker Uitgeversmaatschappij bv, 2013). She is continuing this research (“Global Architecture of Oil”) at TU Delft. These questions merit further exploration, largely beyond the purview of this piece. "Writing Port Cities". See Photos . Carola Hein, Paul van der Laar (2020), The Separation of Ports from Cities: The Case of Rottterdam, Springer, in: Angela Carpenter, Rodrigo Lorenzo (eds), European Port Cities in Transition: 265-286. [Space for Industry. 1.Carola Hein, “Analyzing the Palimpsestic Petroleumscape of Rotterdam,” Global Urban History, 2016, https://globalurbanhistory.com/?p=2071&shareadraft=57ea1be60f827; “Port Cities: Nodes in the Global Petroleumscape between Sea and Land,” Technosphere Magazine, 2017; Carola Hein, “Between Oil and Water. I have read and accept the terms and conditions, View permissions information for this article. She has published widely in the field of architectural, urban, and planning history, and has tied historical analysis to contemporary development. 19.Carola Hein, “Refineries (Oil),” in The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, 2016 http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/refineries-oil/. Writing Port Cities. The 2016 proceeding consists of 7 volumes and 1 Book of Abstracts. Een Benzinestation Naar Ontwerp Van Ir. The petroleum companies’ main interest was earning money, so they built housing, neighborhoods, or cities only when local authorities did not provide the necessary spaces. Doch dies sind die Zahlen, die wir messen … The A’DAM Tower, formerly the Shell headquarters on the North Side of the IJ in Amsterdam in 2012. Carola Hein. They produced and handed out many promotional documents—maps, brochures, and booklets—that focus on features of the Dutch landscape. Dominic Boyer and Imre Szeman argued in a 2014 article, “The Rise of Energy Humanities: Breaking the Impasse,” for example, that “today’s energy and environmental dilemmas are fundamentally problems of ethics, habits, values, institutions, belief, and power.”51 They also argue that the failure to imagine new solutions is partly due to a lack of understanding of how oil works in culture and to examine the difficulties we now face in overcoming oil dependency.52 Such researchers have pointed to the need for citizens to tell new narratives and to use art and the humanities as a resource for design and planning.53 In the field of architecture and urban form, culture and new narratives accompany recent attempts by architects, planners, and politicians to redevelop the energy landscape underlying our current built environment. Carola Hein’s most popular book is Rebuilding Urban Japan After 1945. Noncorporate representations of oil in art and architecture as well as film and literature have celebrated oil as a heroic partner in creating contemporary society and our identity. Others are at least local icons: the Rotterdam Shell Tower, once described as the last erection of capitalism,49 is no longer occupied by Shell, but the former headquarters’ gas station at the foot of the building remains as a reminder of its former user. Nebenberufliche Existenzgründung kennt keine Altersgrenzen. The goal is thus to understand how petroleum has been written into spatial practice and representations, and how these forms shape future design and heritage decisions. Analytical maps show how petroleum transformed the Rotterdam/The Hague area between 1910 and 1940. Most of our cities have already been built and it is not possible to go back and start again. 1- Sketch by Pietro Spirito, President of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority, developed during the interview… Read more about The Creation of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority: A critical juncture for the Naples port city region? 29.1924–1943: The American Petroleum Company’s office. Headquarters, research facilities, housing, cinemas, and leisure facilities are linked to the financial streams of oil. Sabine Luning, Carola Hein, Paul van de Laar. As part of working ports, their street infrastructure cannot accommodate a large increase of non-port-related traffic. Wenn die Motivation stimmt, kannst Du auch als Rentner selbstständig arbeiten, Dir einen Nebenverdienst oder ein kleines Unternehmen aufbauen. 11.For more information about the notion of multiple modernities, see Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt, “Multiple Modernities,” Daedalus 129, no. For more information view the SAGE Journals Article Sharing page. The maps are an ongoing project and meant to provoke in-depth follow-up studies. This product could help you, Accessing resources off campus can be a challenge. A fuller analysis of our everyday culture, including everyday language and imagery, is still needed. The Waalhaven Airport in the Rotterdam port next to the oil facilities opened in 1920 and allowed companies to bring in executives from abroad as the oil trade expanded and the first and second dedicated oil ports were inaugurated in Pernis in 1933 and 1942, carrying petroleum to the Shell refinery there.33 Connection between Rotterdam and the harbor on the south side remained a problem until the construction of the Maastunnel between 1938 and 1942. Rezension aus Deutschland vom 16. Carola Hein is professor of the History of Architecture and Urban Planning at Delft University of Technology. Reinforcing this spatial layer of the petroleumscape, representations in corporate media and public relations materials map, depict, and represent the built environment selectively to promote oil companies and governmental agencies involved in the oil business. People named Carola Heine. Combined with the presence of employees of many other international institutions, the population of oil company employees also supports the large number of international schools in The Hague. and J. van Nieukerken, conservative architects (and, like their father, well known for work for the Dutch elite, both the aristocracy and leading merchants), designed the headquarters of Shell in The Hague (1915-1917). Carola Hein C.M.Hein@tudelft.nl. Und mit ihr ist die Galerie im Zentrum der Kunst der Gegenwart angekommen: In der Galerie Commeter sind Künstler wie Jochen Hein, Stephan Heggelke, Sybille Hermanns, Maria Ikonomopoulou, Minjung Kim, Nikolai Makarov, Rupprecht Matthies, Klaus Schweier, Li Trieb, Lei Xue, Lars Zech und Zoyt mit Malerei und Bildhauerei zu Hause. In three phases, the next section follows the maps to explore the emergence of the Dutch petroleumscape through the lens of the Rotterdam/The Hague area, pointing to the intersection between public–private actors and to the spaces of oil becoming new actors themselves. Sind Sie ein Autor? 21.Carola Hein, Mohamad Sedighi, “Iran’s Global Petroleumscape: The Role of Oil in Shaping Khuzestan and Tehran,” Architectural Theory Review 21 (2016): 349-74; For more information, see Mark Crinson, “Abadan: Planning and Architecture under the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company,” Planning Perspectives 12, no. Carola Hein Die Lebensgefährtin von Alexander Gauland war langjährige Redakteurin der "Märkischen Allgemeinen" in Potsdam – jener Zeitung, deren Herausgeber Gauland früher war. Financial contributions and architectural gifts such as the Peking Union Medical College (founded in 1917) paralleled the expansion of the Standard Oil company, even while being carefully separated from the company’s name (Figure 7).20 But in many parts of the world, oil companies are more likely to be associated with national interests or to be part of a national government’s portfolio, an important partner in developing infrastructure and promoting oil-based lifestyles. If demand for lighting oil established Rotterdam as a major oil port, the rapidly growing new demand for benzene as a car fuel triggered its explosive growth. 3 (2013): 363-84. Carola Hein, “Hiroshima. 25.Olivia Forty, Architectural History Thesis “Black Gold | Silver Screen: Petroleumscapes in Film from 1940 to the Present.” (Delft University of Technology, 2016). He has been a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) since September 2017. Source: Library of Congress: LC-DIG-ppmsca-25503. Source: The Illustrated London News, London, September 8, 1951. You should use a variety of textbooks and create your own narrative.”, Building 8Julianalaan 1342628 BL DelftTel: +31 (0)15 27 89805, Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions, Chair of History of Architecture and Urban Planning, Education, publications and secondary employment. In fact, road construction used the heavy remnants of petroleum, bitumen, for which there was little use otherwise. Bauer and M. de Boer, Energie (Shell Nederland, 1981). The painter shows the tanks lit by the sun, and the new structures are gleaming white in the front right of the image. These centers were often also hubs for the oil industry’s ancillary spaces, another spatial petroleumscape layer, holding all those buildings that are not part of the production process of oil: those that are associated with housing, leisure, or education of oil workers (elite or working class), and are either paid for in full or in part by a company, but are rarely identified in conjunction with the oil industry. Thus, knowledge of the impact of oil on the form and function of buildings and cities is of academic and historical interest; it is also relevant to the general public. (Figure 2). The existence of expensive and extensive petroleum infrastructure has important staying power. Big companies, through their political lobbying, advertisement, and sheer size, have shaped entire landscapes in very different geographical areas in interconnected ways. This large anonymous painting from 1923 puts the port activity at center stage. Nach seinem Ausschluss aus der AfD-Fraktion war er bis 2019 fraktionsloser Abgeordneter. 35.Ferry de Goey, Ruimte Voor Industrie. Often, the oil industry collaborated with national governments to develop necessary infrastructure, as in the construction of King Fouad Way through the Egyptian desert from Cairo to Alexandria in 1939. Carola Hein. An analysis of worldwide oil streams – from the site of exploitation right to the pump – reveals a picture of the architectural consequences. Figure 15. But when a regional plan for West Brabant, established around 1969, earmarked space for a new Shell refinery in Moerdijk and for future expansion,39 controversy ensued. Carola Hein, Chair, History of Architecture and urban Planning, Tu Delft This series consists of seven volumes and one Book of Abstracts. Starting in the 1920s, petroleum stations became the sign boards for oil companies. Despite the extensive presence of oil in the ARA, the representation of these facilities by independent artists does not reflect the actual spatial extent of each element. Sanaan Bensi, Negar. Lean Library can solve it. Finding a place for petroleum storage was one goal; making sure that it could be transported to and from the port was another, and one that required collaboration among various partners. The full conference proceedings consist of seven volumes and one Book of Abstracts and can be found and ordered online. The petroleumscape in Rotterdam/The Hague in 1940. She has curated Oildam: Rotterdam in the oil era 1862-2016 at Museum Rotterdam. Research on the petroleumscape also serves to create a foundation for architectural intervention into the problem of ending oil dominance. Figure 23. The contemporary Rotterdam port with oil refineries and storage tanks. Members of _ can log in with their society credentials below, This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (. Her current research interests include the transmission of architectural and urban ideas along international networks, focusing specifically on port cities and the global architecture of oil. Source: Mojito, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2012-06-02_EYE.jpg. While the port and transportation infrastructure in Rotterdam were key to the spatial layer of the petroleumscape, proximity to the national government and its relevant ministries in The Hague, the Dutch capital, drove the settlement patterns of the oil company headquarters (Figures 22 and 27). 23.Critical days in Persian Oil Issue, Movietone News, 07/02/1951; Persian Story, Director Ralph Keene, Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, British Petroleum (BP), Film Producers Guild 1952; Mona Damluji, “The Oil City in Focus: The Cinematic Spaces of Abadan in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company’s Persian Story,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 33, no. These ancillary activities occupy a small portion of their host cities, but can change the functional and social organization of a city and drive up prices, for example, in the housing sector. A short summary of this paper. Carola Hein has 16 books on Goodreads with 52 ratings. In 1957, in a powerful collaboration of research, construction and design, architects from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Monsanto Chemical Company, and Disneyland inaugurated a visionary plastic house of the future with new forms and technologies in Anaheim and marketed it to millions of visitors as part of a modern lifestyle: clean, functional, and fun (Figure 9). Carola Hein is professor and head, History of Architecture and Urban Planning Chair at Delft University of Technology. 5,0 von 5 Sternen. After a failed closure attempt in 2011, the local government supported the creation of Philadelphia Energy Solutions, which has effectively redirected petroleum flows from North Dakota to the center of the metropolis.19. 1945–1947: The U.S. Embassy used part of the office temporarily. The seven volumes follow the organisation of the conference in seven themes, each theme consisting of two tracks and each track consisting of eight panels of four or five presentations. Rogers, Sert, Tyrwhitt, The Heart of the City, 40. The city was almost completely destroyed in World War II, but was still able to reconstruct most of its historic identity. Carola Hein. Tritt Facebook bei, um dich mit Carola Hein und anderen Nutzern, die du kennst, zu vernetzen. Focusing on petroleum in the built environment (without taking into account other domains where petroleum is extensively used, from packaging materials to clothing, cosmetics, and medicine), this article argues that petroleum products have become part of global everyday life and a value system encompassing urban and rural areas, and industrial and less-developed countries. Only a few depict the physical expansion of industrial spaces, showing the Esso facilities in the Rotterdam port, featuring industrial structures, or even documenting the headquarters buildings in The Hague. Designed in 1919 by the Rotterdam architects De Roos and Overeijnder and named Petrolea, the building was finished in 1924. The former Exxon headquarter in The Hague nicknamed “The Red Elephant.”, World War I slowed down petroleum activities in the Netherlands, and the European development of the automobile was slower than in the United States. By capturing the dangers of oil monopolies and their reach, and translating them into a caricature with well-known buildings, this image adds to the representational layer of the petroleumscape. 50.Robert Van den Bergh, Michiel Nivard, and Maurits Kreijkes, “Long-Term Prospects for Northwest European Refining. As the industry was well established, independent artists depicted oil buildings, refineries, gas stations, and headquarters in paintings, photography, and films. Log in or sign up for Facebook to connect with friends, family and people you know. 33.Ferry de Goey, Comparative Port History of Rotterdam and Antwerp (1880-2000): Competition, Cargo and Costs (Amsterdam: Aksant, 2004); Reginald Loyen, Erik Buyst, and Greta Devos, Struggling for Leadership: Antwerp-Rotterdam Port Competition between 1870-2000 (Heidelberg and New York: Springer, 2003). Oil companies and governments have created a broad range of petroleum imaginaries that change over time and in line with local cultures. Oil’s role in the creation of multiple modernities, a concept proposed by Shmuel Eisenstadt, merits further exploration both in time and through space.11 Specifically, studying in the impact of oil on built form, we may gain insight into the diverse spaces and temporalities of modernity in globally linked spaces. Figure 31. But by that time, Rotterdam was firmly established as a leading oil port, serving consumers notably in the German hinterland. Dudok, [Gas Stations: The Esso-Station by W.M. The analytical map of the city of Rotterdam illustrates how petroleum storage shifted from its initial location in the city toward the south side of the river and then westward, right as the city constructed new ports and otherwise expanded. 1 (2000): 1-28. Figure 38. In: Portus 31, June 2016. Source: Olivia Forty and Deniz Üstem in the Architecture and Urbanism Beyond Oil MSc 2 Studio at Delft University of Technology, under the supervision of Carola Hein and Henri van Bennekom, spring 2016. Prewar development of oil infrastructures in the port and the capital city had a major impact on the postwar rebuilding of bombed-out Rotterdam, illustrating the importance of and path dependencies of oil. 51.Dominic Boyer and Imre Szeman, “The Rise of Energy Humanities: Breaking the Impasse,” University Affairs, February 12, 2014, http://www.universityaffairs.ca/opinion/in-my-opinion/the-rise-of-energy-humanities/. From there, they oversaw the industry’s switch from lighting oil to engine fuel, which led to the creation of a retail landscape of gas stations with new forms and functions. Finden Sie Traueranzeigen, erstellen Sie Gedenkseiten, zünden Sie eine Kerze zum Gedenken und finden Sie die passende Hilfe im Trauerfall. 2015. She was born in Hamburg. For more information view the SAGE Journals Sharing page. Juli 2020 Carola Heine: Blogging für Profis. 24.Plattner, Steven Wright, Roy Emerson Stryker, and Esther Bubley, Roy Stryker, U.S.A., 1943-1950: The Standard Oil (New Jersey) Photography Project (University of Texas Press, 1983). State-owned oil companies from Saudi Aramco to Norwegian Statoil and the Chinese National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) used petroleum income to build national identities and local welfare. Vor der Meiji-Restauration im Jahre 1868 war die Baukunst in den Händen von Handwerkern. The landscapes of production and retail are complemented by administrative and research facilities, another layer of the spatial layer of the petroleumscape. Siehe Suchergebnisse für diesen Autor. Planning historians have published extensively on waterfront redevelopment and the role of port-related heritage structures. In most instances, oil companies and stakeholders have driven spatial development through land purchases and private construction. The presentations are divided in abstracts and peer-reviewed full papers, traceable with a DOI number online. The Rotterdam public library by Jaap Bakema, built from 1977 to 1983. (Shell Laboratorium would hire the architect Arthur Staal to build several structures in Amsterdam-Noord, including the Shell Tower or Overhoeks toren, used by Shell from 1970 until 2009, now a landmark of the city and a national monument.34) The administrative and research facilities were thus in prestigious locations in The Hague, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam. Furthermore, oil imaginaries have served the promotion of lifestyles and everyday practices related to the consumption of petroleum products, creating a second feedback loop that reinforces the presence of the petroleum industry through the participation of citizens for whom oil is an everyday necessity. The petroleumscape in Rotterdam/The Hague in 2000. Figure 22. Its use was possibly related to the comparable German concept of "Freund Hein." Analytical maps show how petroleum transformed the Rotterdam/The Hague area between 1850 and 1910. Just think of children’s toys produced without direct collaboration of the oil companies: a puzzle featuring an oil refinery, a toy car with the Esso logo, a Lego car handed out at the Shell gas station, or plastic Barbie houses that might inspire their owners to choose plastic window frames, furniture, or floor coverings in the longer term (Figures 19 and 20). 48.Herman van Bergeijk, W.M. 1). The Standard Oil headquarters on 26 Broadway was a well-known urban icon, shown here in a photograph by Underwood and Underwood of the drawings for the new building in 1923. The Schuylkill refinery in Philadelphia stands as an example: oil storage in the area started in 1866, and the refinery has been running since shortly thereafter (Figures 3 and 4). Carola Hein, Delft University of Technology; LDE Port City Futures Utopias have always played an important role in imagining the future.